HLA-A2.1-associated peptides, extracted from human melanoma cells, were used to study epitopes for melanoma-specific HLA-A2.1-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) by epitope reconstitution, active peptide sequence characterization and synthetic peptide verification. CTL were generated from tumor-involved nodes by in vitro stimulation, initially with autologous melanoma cells and subsequently with allogeneic HLA-A2.1 positive melanoma cells. The CTLs could lyse autologous and allogeneic HLA-A2. 1 positive melanomas, but not HLA-A2.1 negative melanomas or HLA-A2.1 positive non-melanomas. The lysis of melanomas could be inhibited by anti-CD3, anti-HLA class I and anti-HLA-A2.1 monoclonal antibodies. HLA-A2.1 molecules were purified from detergent-solubilized human melanoma cells by immunoaffinity column chromatography and further fractionated by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. The fractions were assessed for their ability to reconstitute melanoma-specific epitopes with HLA-A2.1 positive antigen-processing mutant T2 cells. Three reconstitution peaks were observed in lactate dehydrogenase release assay. Mass spectrometry and ion-exchange high performance liquid chromatography analysis were used to identify peptide epitopes. Peptides with a mass-to-charge ratio of 948 usually consist of nine amino acid residues. The data from reconstitution experiments confirmed that the synthetic peptides contained epitopes and that the peptides associated with HLA-A2.1 and recognized by melanoma-specific CTL were present in these different melanoma cells. These peptides could be potentially exploited in novel peptide-based antitumor vaccines in immunotherapy for CTL. ©Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, SIBS, CAS.