In the past decades, researchers worldwide have endeavoured to learn more about the relationship between social capital and health. However, not many such studies were conducted in China. We examined the association between different types of social capital and health information-seeking behaviour (HISB) in the Chinese context. The different types of social capital were primarily bonding and bridging, as well as cognitive and structural ones. Our analysis is based on a total of 3090 cases taken from the HINT-China 2017 survey. Some aspects of social capital emerged as positive predictors of HISB: information support (standing in for the cognitive component of social capital) predicted health information seeking, organization memberships (standing in for the structural component) promoted cancer information seeking, and both the use of the internet and of traditional media for gaining health information were linked with bridging networks and organization memberships (both structural). Bonding networks were not correlated with any other of the key variables and the emotional support aspect of social capital (cognitive) was consistently associated with all health information-seeking indicators negatively. In conclusion, structural social capital, especially the bridging aspects, increased HISB in China while emotional support as cognitive social capital damaged it.