The massive use of fossil fuels has led to the greenhouse effect, which has increased extreme weather on the planet and caused considerable havoc for humankind. Simultaneously, the limited reserves of fossil fuels prompt the continuous development of new energy sources to cope with the future energy crisis. Wind power and photovoltaics are realized on a large scale among various new energy sources. Nevertheless, these new energy sources have inevitable volatility, and advanced energy storage devices are necessary to balance this volatility. Lithium-ion batteries are currently commercialized energy storage devices. However, their capacity and the reserves of lithium metal are both restricted. Metal–air batteries have received considerable attention due to their high energy density.
Furthermore, metal–air batteries have a high safety level using an aqueous electrolyte. Therefore, developing high-performance metal–air batteries has crucial scientific significance and practical value in application. Howe