Neuromodulation techniques are essential for exploring brain science and supporting treatments for neurological disorders. Compared to electrical neuromodulation, optogenetic neuromodulation offers advantages in cell type specificity and spatial precision. However, existing optogenetic neuromodulation systems have limited functionality (unable to simultaneously possess functions including optogenetic stimulation, recording, and micro-LED (micro-Light-Emitting Diode) status monitoring) and will restrict normal biological activities due to their large size. To this end, this paper presents an optogenetic neuromodulation system, including a specified neuromodulation IC (Integrated Circuit) and a customized optrode. The ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) includes a 16-channel neural signal recording module, a 4-channel optogenetic neurostimulator module, and a 4-channel micro-LED detection module. The micro-LED detection module monitors the micro-LED’s long-term status in real time and provides the direct output of its working status for convenient user access. The neuromodulation ASIC was fabricated in the TSMC 65 nm process, and an in situ normal saline experiment was conducted to test the neuromodulation system’s function.