With the growing popularity of cloud services, companies and individuals outsource images to cloud servers to reduce storage and computing burdens. The images are encrypted before outsourcing for privacy protection. It has become urgent to solve the privacy-preserving image retrieval problem on the cloud. There are three main challenges in this area. First, how can we achieve high retrieval accuracy on the encryption domain? Second, how can we improve efficiency in large-scale encrypted image retrieval? Third, how can we ensure the reliability of the retrieval results? The existing schemes only consider some of these characteristics and the retrieval accuracy is insufficient. In this paper, we propose a privacy-preserving large-scale image retrieval framework with vision graph convolutional neural network hashing (ViGH). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first framework that is able to address all the above challenges with more advanced accuracy performance. To be specific, cycle-consistent adversarial networks and vision graph convolutional networks (ViG) are utilized to increase retrieval accuracy. By embedding encrypted images into hash codes, we can obtain high retrieval efficiency by Hamming distances. Cloud servers store the hash codes on the blockchain (Ethereum). The retrieval algorithm on the smart contracts and the consensus mechanism of blockchain ensure reliability of the retrieval results. The experimental results on three common datasets verify the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed privacy-preserving image retrieval framework. The reliability of the retrieval results is ensured by the consensus mechanism of blockchain with no need for verification. Our code is available at https://github.com/caoyuan57/ViGH.