We propose single-pixel dual-mode microscopy (SPDM), which utilizes a digital micromirror device (DMD) to modulate object light and then performs bucket detection and zero-frequency detection in the two reflective arms of the DMD to acquire magnitude and wrapped phase images simultaneously. Benefiting from dual-mode imaging, SPDM is suitable for observing various samples, including transparent ones. Our experimental results fully demonstrate its powerful information acquisition capability. SPDM can provide a spatial resolution of up to 1.95 μm (a spatial frequency of 512 lp/mm) and produce a pair of real-time video streams of 128 × 128 pixels at 0.51 frames per second. In addition, SPDM can be achieved as an add-on module to ordinary microscopes, which facilitates its adoption in optical microscopy. This work opens up new opportunities for biomedical imaging and industrial inspection applications.