This study examines the psychometric properties of the Relational Self-Esteem scale (RSE; Du, King, & Chi, 2012) in a community sample in rural China. The RSE was developed to measure one's sense of self-worth in relationships with significant others (i.e., family and friends). The study draws upon data from 754 rural residents (42.4% HIV-positive) in a county in central China with a high prevalence of HIV infection. Factor structure and measurement invariance were examined using confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs). Concurrent validity was tested by correlating the RSE with a set of previously developed measures of psychological well-being and social support. The data supported a two-factor family-friend model for both HIV-positive and HIV-negative samples. Multiple-group tests showed measurement invariance across two samples. Concurrent validity was confirmed with correlations in the expected direction between the RSE and psychological well-being and social support. Implications for mental health research and practice are discussed.