Five major reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated in diseases including H2O2, (OH)-O-center dot, O-2(center dot-), ROO center dot, and O-1(2). Simultaneous detection of the five ROS with a single probe is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of the development and progression of many diseases, such as cancer and inflammatory diseases. However, currently reported detection systems are limited by targeting one ROS with one probe. This one-to-one detection mode may fail to sufficiently unveil the diseased state. In this study, we achieved simultaneous detection of all the five ROS with one probe (i.e., one-to-all detection), by designing a novel para-aminothiophenol (PATP) and hemin-decorated gold (Au/PATP/Hemin) nanoprobe. The design is principled by our discovery that PATP can react with (OH)-O-center dot, O-2(center dot-), ROO center dot, and O-1(2) by a radical oxidative coupling mechanism to form 4,4'-dimercaptoazobenzene (DMAB). The DMAB then elicited strong characteristic surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) peaks at 1142, 1386, and 1432 cm(-1); which in turn enables direct detection of (OH)-O-center dot, O-2(center dot-), ROO center dot, and O-1(2) and indirect detection of H2O2 by hemin-catalyzed fenton reaction to convert H2O2 into (OH)-O-center dot. In two representative ROS-elevated mice models of tumors and allergic dermatitis, the Au/PATP/Hemin nanoprobe demonstrated its robust performance of monitoring tumor development and inflammation progression in a highly sensitive and quantitative manner.