Effective and prompt medication treatment is essential for schizophrenia patients to alleviate psychotic symptoms and improve prognosis. The treatment rate of schizophrenia usually varies greatly across studies. This is a meta-analysis that examined the overall treatment rate of schizophrenia in China. Both international (PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Web of Science) and Chinese (CNKI, WanFang and Sinomed) databases were searched. The random effects model was used to analyze the data. Fifteen studies with 1,219,472 patients were included. This meta-analysis found that 73% (95%CI: 66%, 80%) of schizophrenia patients received treatment in any type of medical institutions, while 31.0% (95%CI = 21.0%, 41.0%) received treatment in psychiatric institutions. Studies conducted in middle region of China (76.8% for any type of medical institutions; 42.6% for psychiatric institutions) and those published before 2007 (74.6% for any type of medical institutions; 31.3% for psychiatric institutions) reported significantly higher treatment rates. Studies using combined diagnostic instruments had a higher treatment rate of schizophrenia (72.0%) in any type of medical institutions, while using the Chinese classification of Mental Disorders (47.7%) and including both rural and urban areas (35.7%) had higher treatment rates of schizophrenia in psychiatric institutions. The treatment rate of schizophrenia was relatively high in China, but most treatments were delivered in non-psychiatric medical institutions. Greater efforts should be made to improve the provision of accessible mental health services for schizophrenia patients in this part of the world.