Acknowledgements viii
1 Geography, demography and cultural factors 1
1.1 History 4
1.2 Languages 4
1.3 Cultural factors 6
1.4 Variation in Hong Kong English 8
1.5 Data from our speakers 9
1.6 Other data used 10
1.7 Outline of the book 10
2 Phonetics and phonology 12
2.1 The consonantal inventory 13
2.2 Voicing contrasts and glottal stops 13
2.3 Dental fricatives 17
2.4 Final consonant cluster simplifi cation 18
2.5 /l/- vocalisation 21
2.6 The /n/–/l/ merger 21
2.7 Diphthongs followed by consonants 23
2.8 Initial consonant cluster simplifi cation 23
2.9 You pronounced [tʃu] 24
2.10 Infl uences from Cantonese on consonants in
Hong Kong English 25
2.11 The vowel inventory 27
2.12 Vowel quality and quantity 28
2.13 Diphthongs 30
2.14 Word stress 31
2.15 Compound stress 34
2.16 Rhythm 35
2.17 Sentence stress 38
2.18 Pitch and nuclear tones 39
2.19 Summary 42
3 Morphosyntax 43
3.1 ‘Random’ morphological markings 45
3.2 Double morphological markings 48
3.3 Tense switching 49
3.4 Subject–verb agreement 55
3.5 Double subjects and zero subjects 56
3.6 Non- distinction between count and mass nouns 59
3.7 Word order: modifi ers immediately precede heads 61
3.8 Prepositions and transitivity 63
3.9 Conversion of grammatical categories 65
3.10 Summary 66
4 Discourse and lexis 68
4.1 Discourse markers 69
4.2 Actually in spoken discourse 71
4.3 Because and so in spoken discourse 74
4.4 Topic–comment sentences 76
4.5 Utterance- fi nal particles 78
4.6 Question tags in spoken discourse 78
4.7 Written discourse 80
4.8 Lexis 81
4.9 Borrowing 81
4.10 Coinage, abbreviations and acronyms 85
4.11 Blending and compounding 87
4.12 Affi xation 88
4.13 Lexical choice 89
4.14 Semantic change 89
4.15 Hong Kong English vocabulary in computer-
mediated communication 89
4.16 Examples of Hong Kong English vocabulary in our
data 90
4.17 Summary 92
5 Code- switching 94
5.1 Borrowing, code- mixing and code- switching 95
5.2 Code- switching in Hong Kong 97
5.3 The morphosyntax of code- switching and
Hong Kong English 98
5.4 Code- switching as an agent of nativisation in
Hong Kong English 102
6 Hong Kong English: a sociolinguistic history 103
6.1 English in pre- colonial Hong Kong (pre- 1842) 103
6.2 English as a colonial language (1842–1997) 104
6.3 English in the post- colonial era 107
6.4 Hong Kong English: new variety or learner language? 112
7 Annotated bibliography 117
7.1 General works on Hong Kong English 117
7.2 Phonetics and phonology 117
7.3 Morphosyntax 118
7.4 Discourse and lexis 119
7.5 Code- switching 119
7.6 The history of Hong Kong English 120
7.7 References 120
8 Transcripts for the data from our speakers 130
8.1 Transcription conventions 130
8.2 Speaker 1: Happy event task (01- HE) 130
8.3 Speaker 1: Map task (01- MT) 133
8.4 Speaker 5: Happy event task (05- HE) 137
8.5 Speaker 5: Map task (05- MT) 148
8.6 Speaker 8: Happy event task (08- HE) 152
8.7 Speaker 8: Map task (08- MT) 156
8.8 Speaker 9: Happy event task (09- HE) 159
8.9 Speaker 9: Map task (09- MT) 165
8.10 Speaker 10: Happy event task (10- HE) 168
8.11 Speaker 10: Map task (10- MT) 171
Index 175 |
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