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The global case fatality rate of coronavirus disease 2019 by continents and national income: A meta-analysis
Abou Ghayda, Ramy1; Lee, Keum Hwa2; Han, Young Joo3; Ryu, Seohyun4; Hong, Sung Hwi4; Yoon, Sojung4; Jeong, Gwang Hum5; Yang, Jae Won6; Lee, Hyo Jeong4; Lee, Jinhee7; Lee, Jun Young6; Effenberger, Maria8; Eisenhut, Michael9; Kronbichler, Andreas10; Solmi, Marco11,12,13,14; Li, Han15; Jacob, Louis16,17; Koyanagi, Ai17,18; Radua, Joaquim19,20,21; Park, Myung Bae22; Aghayeva, Sevda23; Ahmed, Mohamed L.C.B.24; Al Serouri, Abdulwahed25; Al-Shamsi, Humaid O.26,27; Amir-Behghadami, Mehrdad28,29,30; Baatarkhuu, Oidov31; Bashour, Hyam32; Bondarenko, Anastasiia33; Camacho-Ortiz, Adrian34; Castro, Franz35; Cox, Horace36; Davtyan, Hayk37; Douglas, Kirk38; Dragioti, Elena39; Ebrahim, Shahul40; Ferioli, Martina41; Harapan, Harapan42; Mallah, Saad I.43; Ikram, Aamer44; Inoue, Shigeru45; Jankovic, Slobodan46; Jayarajah, Umesh47; Jesenak, Milos48; Kakodkar, Pramath49; Kebede, Yohannes50; Kifle, Meron51; Koh, David52; Males, Visnja K.53; Kotfis, Katarzyna54; Lakoh, Sulaiman55; Ling, Lowell56; Llibre-Guerra, Jorge57; Machida, Masaki45; Makurumidze, Richard58; Mamun, Mohammed A.59,60,61; Masic, Izet62; Van Minh, Hoang63; Moiseev, Sergey64; Nadasdy, Thomas65; Nahshon, Chen66; Ñamendys-Silva, Silvio A.67; Yongsi, Blaise N.68; Nielsen, Henning B.69; Nodjikouambaye, Zita A.70; Ohnmar, Ohnmar71; Oksanen, Atte72; Owopetu, Oluwatomi73; Parperis, Konstantinos74; Perez, Gonzalo E.75; Pongpirul, Krit76; Rademaker, Marius77; Rosa, Sandro78,79; Sah, Ranjit80; Sallam, Dina81; Schober, Patrick82; Singhal, Tanu83; Tafaj, Silva84; Torres, Irene85; Torres-Roman, J. Smith86; Tsartsalis, Dimitrios87; Tsolmon, Jadamba88; Tuychiev, Laziz89; Vukcevic, Batric90; Wanghi, Guy91; Wollina, Uwe92; Xu, Ren He93; Yang, Lin94,95; Zaidi, Zoubida96; Smith, Lee97; Shin, Jae Il2
2022-06
Source PublicationJournal of Medical Virology
ISSN0146-6615
Volume94Issue:6Pages:2402-2413
Abstract

The aim of this study is to provide a more accurate representation of COVID-19's case fatality rate (CFR) by performing meta-analyses by continents and income, and by comparing the result with pooled estimates. We used multiple worldwide data sources on COVID-19 for every country reporting COVID-19 cases. On the basis of data, we performed random and fixed meta-analyses for CFR of COVID-19 by continents and income according to each individual calendar date. CFR was estimated based on the different geographical regions and levels of income using three models: pooled estimates, fixed- and random-model. In Asia, all three types of CFR initially remained approximately between 2.0% and 3.0%. In the case of pooled estimates and the fixed model results, CFR increased to 4.0%, by then gradually decreasing, while in the case of random-model, CFR remained under 2.0%. Similarly, in Europe, initially, the two types of CFR peaked at 9.0% and 10.0%, respectively. The random-model results showed an increase near 5.0%. In high-income countries, pooled estimates and fixed-model showed gradually increasing trends with a final pooled estimates and random-model reached about 8.0% and 4.0%, respectively. In middle-income, the pooled estimates and fixed-model have gradually increased reaching up to 4.5%. in low-income countries, CFRs remained similar between 1.5% and 3.0%. Our study emphasizes that COVID-19 CFR is not a fixed or static value. Rather, it is a dynamic estimate that changes with time, population, socioeconomic factors, and the mitigatory efforts of individual countries.

KeywordCase Fatality Rate Continents Covid-19 Proportion Meta-analysis
DOI10.1002/jmv.27610
URLView the original
Indexed BySCIE
Language英語English
WOS Research AreaVirology
WOS SubjectVirology
WOS IDWOS:000760912100001
Scopus ID2-s2.0-85125178155
Fulltext Access
Citation statistics
Document TypeJournal article
CollectionInstitute of Translational Medicine
Faculty of Health Sciences
Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging
Corresponding AuthorShin, Jae Il
Affiliation1.Urology Institute, University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States
2.Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
3.Hospital Medicine Center, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
4.Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
5.College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
6.Department of Nephrology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea
7.Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea
8.Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
9.Luton & Dunstable University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Luton, United Kingdom
10.Department of Internal Medicine IV, Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
11.Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
12.Department of Mental Health, The Ottawa Hospital, Ontario, Canada
13.Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (OHRI) Clinical Epidemiology Program University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
14.School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
15.University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, United States
16.Faculty of Medicine, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles, France
17.Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
18.ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
19.Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
20.Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
21.Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
22.Department of Gerontology Health and Welfare, Pai Chai University, Daejeon, South Korea
23.Department of Gastroenterology, Azerbaijan Medical University School of Medicine, Baku, Azerbaijan
24.Research Unit in Epidemiology and Diversity of Microorganisms, Department of Biology, University of Nouakchott Al Aasriya, Nouakchott, Mauritania
25.Yemen Field Epidemiology Training Program, Sana'a, Yemen
26.College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
27.Burjeel Cancer Institute, Burjeel Medical City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
28.Iranian Center of Excellence in Health Management (IceHM), School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
29.Student Research Committee (SRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
30.Road Traffic Injury Research Center, Iranian International Safe Community Support Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
31.School of Medicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulan Bator, Mongolia
32.Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
33.Shupyk National Healthcare University of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
34.Servicio de Infectología, Hospital Universitario “Dr José Eleuterio González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
35.Department of Research and Health Technology Assessment, Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
36.Ministry of Health Guyana, Georgetown, Guyana
37.Tuberculosis Research and Prevention Center NGO, Yerevan, Armenia
38.Centre for Biosecurity Studies, University of the West Indies, Cave Hill, St. Michael, Barbados
39.Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
40.Faculty of Medicine, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technology, Bamako, Mali
41.IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Respiratory and Critical Care Unit, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
42.Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
43.School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain
44.National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
45.Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
46.Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
47.Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
48.Department of Pediatrics, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
49.School of Medicine, National University of Galway Ireland, Galway, Ireland
50.Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
51.Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
52.Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
53.Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disease in Split, Clinical Hospital Centre Split, School of Medicine Split, Šoltanska 1, Split, Croatia
54.Department Anaesthesiology, Intensive Therapy and Acute Intoxications, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
55.College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
56.Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
57.Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, United States
58.Department of Community Medicine, Department of Primary Care Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe
59.Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
60.Department of Public Health, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
61.CHINTA Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
62.Academy of Medical Sciences of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
63.Center for Population Health Sciences, Hanoi University of Public Health, Hanoi, Viet Nam
64.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
65.Department of Dermatology, “St. Parascheva” Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, Galati, Romania
66.Department of Gynecologic Surgery and Oncology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
67.Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
68.Institute for Training & Research in Population Studies (IFORD), The University of Yaoundé II, Soa, Cameroon
69.Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Zealand University Hospital Roskilde, Roskilde, Denmark
70.Mobile Laboratory for Hemorrhagic and Respiratory Viruses in Ndjamena, Ndjamena, Chad
71.Department of Medical Research (Lower Myanmar), Myanmar Health Ministry, Yangon, Myanmar
72.Tampere University, Tampere, Pirkanmaa, Finland
73.Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
74.Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cyprus Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus
75.Division of Cardiology, Clínica Olivos, Buenos Aires, Argentina
76.Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
77.Waikato Clinical School, Auckland University Medical School, Hamilton, New Zealand
78.College of Pharmacy, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
79.Pharmacy Division, National Institute of Industrial Property, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
80.National Public Health Laboratory, Kathmandu, Nepal
81.Department of Pediatrics & pediatric nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
82.Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
83.Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital and Medical Research Institute, Mumbai, India
84.University Hospital Shefqet Ndroqi, Tirana, Albania
85.Fundación Octaedro, Quito, Ecuador
86.Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima, Peru
87.Department of Emergency Medicine, Hippokratio Hospital, Athens, Greece
88.Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
89.The Tashkent Medical Academy, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
90.Faculty of Medicine, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
91.Unit of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Congo
92.Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Städtisches Klinikum Dresden, Dresden, Germany
93.Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao
94.Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
95.Departments of Oncology and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
96.Faculty of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas, Setif, Algeria
97.The Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Recommended Citation
GB/T 7714
Abou Ghayda, Ramy,Lee, Keum Hwa,Han, Young Joo,et al. The global case fatality rate of coronavirus disease 2019 by continents and national income: A meta-analysis[J]. Journal of Medical Virology, 2022, 94(6), 2402-2413.
APA Abou Ghayda, Ramy., Lee, Keum Hwa., Han, Young Joo., Ryu, Seohyun., Hong, Sung Hwi., Yoon, Sojung., Jeong, Gwang Hum., Yang, Jae Won., Lee, Hyo Jeong., Lee, Jinhee., Lee, Jun Young., Effenberger, Maria., Eisenhut, Michael., Kronbichler, Andreas., Solmi, Marco., Li, Han., Jacob, Louis., Koyanagi, Ai., Radua, Joaquim., ...& Shin, Jae Il (2022). The global case fatality rate of coronavirus disease 2019 by continents and national income: A meta-analysis. Journal of Medical Virology, 94(6), 2402-2413.
MLA Abou Ghayda, Ramy,et al."The global case fatality rate of coronavirus disease 2019 by continents and national income: A meta-analysis".Journal of Medical Virology 94.6(2022):2402-2413.
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