Early career academics (ECAs) are a highly vulnerable group, typically facing job insecurities, persistent pressure to publish, and conflicts in academic values and beliefs. Researchers have noted the precarious position of ECAs in neoliberal universities and expressed growing concerns regarding the effects of neoliberalism within higher education on ECAs’ academic identity construction. To generate a comprehensive picture of ECAs’ academic identity construction in neoliberal higher education, this paper reviewed existing studies (n = 17) on ECAs’ identities from 2008 to 2022. A thematic synthesis revealed that ECAs’ identities are fraught with insecurity and ambivalence but maintain a certain authenticity. In addition, it also found that ECAs use various identity construction strategies, including alignment, adherence, negotiation, and withdrawal. The paper also critically assessed the research methodologies utilized in ECAs’ identity research and highlighted directions for future research. The review contributes to our understanding of the impact of neoliberalism on academic identity and ECAs’ strategies for professional survival in a neoliberal context.