This study reviews the historical development, current applications, and multifaceted impacts of religious psychological coping on the physical and mental health of cancer patients. As a method for coping with life’s pressures through religious beliefs or activities, religious psychological coping has been proven to alleviate the negative emotions of cancer patients and enhance their spiritual well-being and quality of life (QOL). Research indicates that religious faith can alleviate the physical symptoms of cancer patients, extend survival time, reduce the fear of death, assist in coping with treatment side effects, and improve self-efficacy and overall quality of life. Additionally, this study explores factors influencing religious psychological coping, including demographic and sociological characteristics, the faith status of caregivers, types of religion, the relationship between the course of the disease and the duration of belief, and psychological factors. Considering the cultural differences between China and other countries, this study calls for further research into the real experiences of cancer patients with religious beliefs and provides theoretical guidance for clinical nursing practices to achieve holistic care for the body, mind, and spirit of cancer patients.